The deregulation of the global aviation industry1 saw a step change in the level of growth of air travel as increased competition, including the arrival of low cost carriers into the marketplace, together with the larger and more fuel efficient planes, saw prices fall and air travel become more accessible. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated carriage of 4 billion airline passengers globally in 2017, compared to the 2.8 billion passengers carried by airlines in 2011.
While air transport has grown by over 60% over the past 10 years2, we expect strong growth to continue, driven by increasing household wealth (particularly in Asia) together with decreasing real airfares being driven by continuing developments in aircraft technology. All of this growth has, and will continue to be underpinned by the essential airport infrastructure that facilitates air travel. 1 US - 1978; UK - 1991; Europe - 1992; Australia - 2002
2 ICAO, Airbus, GMF 2018
Source: World Bank, Magellan.
What Are the Key Revenue Drivers of Airports?
Airports earn revenue primarily from two categories:
1. Aeronautical Revenues
Revenue is usually earned as a per-passenger charge and/or a charge based on the size of the aircraft, and such aeronautical revenues are normally subject to economic regulation. Revenues grow as airports invest in terminal and airfield facilities (new gates, expanded terminals, runway widenings or improvements, aircraft parking spaces and related facilities) to meet increasing passenger demands.
2. Commercial Revenues
> Retail leases – Airports earn rent from retail space within the terminal buildings for stores ranging from duty-free to restaurants and general merchandise (clothes, watches, souvenirs, books, etc.). The leases are typically structured with minimum guaranteed rents and upside from sales above certain thresholds.
> Car parking and ground transport, including bus and taxi access charges.
> Property - Airports own vast tracts of land that are sought after by a range of airport users including car rental agencies, airline offices and associated service providers like freight, catering, ground handling, fueling, maintenance and hotels.
Many of these revenue streams have grown consistently over time. Leases may also feature inflation-linked adjustments or established pricing mechanisms that are built into contractual arrangements. In some cases, such as car parking and property rental, the airport has greater pricing discretion in order to optimise the balance between revenue and utilisation.
Airports are characterised as delivering relatively stable revenues that are fairly resilient to changes in economic conditions. As illustrated in the chart above, while specific events can have a short-term impact on air travel, passenger growth has typically rebounded within a short time frame back to the longer term trend.
Structural Tailwinds Assisting Airports
The economics of operating an airport has strong linkages to demographic factors such as increasing wealth and the associated growth in discretionary spending, along with growing global demand for mobility via access to air travel. Both airline competition and capacity has grown over time which has seen airfares decrease in real terms. This trend shows no sign of abating due to improved airline capacity utilisation, new aircraft orders and advances in technology.
What Are the Key Costs?
The main costs for airports typically relate to security (the provision of mandated security measures, which
are recovered from airlines through passenger charges), utilities (the cost of electricity, water and gas used by the airport) and facilities management (general cleaning and kerbside management).
Costs are usually scalable (and relatively fixed), which means the airport can expand its passenger facilitation and related activities to meet growing passenger numbers without significant increases in its cost base.
Capital Investment and Expansion
Capital investment and expansion are usually significant requirements of airports in order to facilitate growing passenger numbers. Airports are typically able to increase their charges to recover a fair return on capital expenditure to provide additional capacity or to improve service or safety standards.
In addition, airports may undertake capital investments to meet demand that is evident through existing capacity constraints, hence the return on capital invested is relatively reliable.
What Are the Key Risks?
1. Disruptive Events and Disasters
While the risk of major weather events, pandemics, airline crashes and terrorism is low relative to the volume of air travel, each of these is acknowledged as a real risk. History has demonstrated that while these disruptive events can have a short-term impact on patronage, volumes typically return to trend after a short period.
2. Competition From ‘origin and Destination’ Airports Vs ‘hub’ Airports
Origin and destination airports typically have more stable passenger demand and don’t compete significantly with other destinations and airports. In contrast, hub airports can be materially impacted if an airline chooses to use an alternative hub airport or fails financially.
3. Airline Withdrawals or Bankruptcies
An airline’s collapse can have a short-term financial effect, but other airlines generally satisfy unmet demand through additional services and aircraft up-gaugings (using a larger aircraft on the existing service). An airport’s revenues are generally not sensitive to which airline provides capacity to passengers.
4. Regulatory Intervention
Airports and their airline customers are generally aligned in desiring effective commercial arrangements and working relationships, rather than relying on regulatory intervention. Higher-quality airports typically manage regulatory compliance and relationships diligently.
5. Social Licence
While privately owned, airports are viewed as ‘public’ assets and ‘owned’ by their many stakeholders – customers, passengers, ‘meeters and greeters’, local communities, lobby groups, government, local councils and municipalities, etc. Honouring its social licence is vital for an airport over the long term to avoid regulatory intervention.
Why Are Airports Considered Infrastructure?
For an asset to meet our definition of infrastructure, it must satisfy two key criteria:
1. It Is Essential to the Efficient Functioning of a Community
As commercial airline travel has become a common form of transportation, airports have become essential assets to communities.
2. Earnings Are Not Sensitive to Competition, Commodity Price Movements or Sovereign Risk
> Airports enjoy monopoly positions as there is usually limited choice within a catchment area from where people can access air travel.
> As airport revenues are linked to the number of passengers and/or the number and size of the aircraft using the airport, large increases in oil prices tend to only affect growth at the margins, as it is the airlines who have to manage these costs (which are often passed on via fuel surcharges on tickets).
> Airports are governed by regulatory frameworks that are either stipulated or ‘light-handed’ in their control over the airport’s pricing and related economics.
> Capital management and leverage are typically well managed within sensible limits to ensure debt can be serviced comfortably, regardless of disruptive global or local events and economic conditions.
How Are Airports Regulated?
Governments take responsibility for mandating the security standards
of an airport’s operations, given the associated requirements of immigration and border security. Additionally, because airports are important economic and physical infrastructure, governments usually impose some form of economic regulation. This is usually effected in one of two ways via some form of price control.
1. Single Till Regulation
In single till regulation, both the aeronautical and commercial businesses are subject to price control or monitoring to ensure the total returns that accrue to the airport are within set regulatory parameters. Examples of single till airports include London Heathrow and a number of other UK airports.
2. Dual Till Regulation
In dual till regulation, the aeronautical activities are subject to some form of price control or price monitoring to ensure the airport is charging a fair, but not excessive, price for the passenger-related facilitation activities. This is by far the most common form of regulation.
Dual till airports are more attractive investments because the commercial segment can usually earn a higher rate of return than the regulated aeronautical segment. Examples of dual till airports that are publicly listed include Sydney, Auckland, AENA (a portfolio of principally Spanish airports), Zurich, Frankfurt, Copenhagen and Paris.
Some regulatory regimes, such as in Australia and New Zealand, have ‘light-handed’ dual till regulation, which means the regulator monitors (rather than regulates) pricing and service standards for the aeronautical business only. The pricing and related commercial arrangements are left largely to be negotiated between the airport and its airline and other customers, with little regulatory involvement or intervention. This allows the airport a higher degree of freedom to determine commercially viable arrangements.
Analysing the Financial Performance of Airports
Having regard to the revenue and cost drivers of airports outlined in this paper, airport profitability can be determined as a function of the following variables:
Resilience of Airports
Since the development of commercial aviation during the post-World War II era, passenger volumes at major commercial airports has grown at multiples of GDP over any medium-term period. This growth reflects many underlying factors including increasing wealth, real reductions in the cost of air travel, developments in aircraft technology and improvements in international airspace regulation.
Global passenger growth is illustrated in Chart 2 below, showing the fairly consistent growth of airline passenger volumes since the mid-1960’s and more recently, this measure has grown by over 60% over the last 10 years1. More importantly, the chart illustrates the resilience of air travel to external shocks and the speed of the recovery to a long term upward trajectory.
High quality airports benefit from a near monopoly stream of passengers from which they are able to generate both aeronautical and commercial revenues. Regulation is structured to allow the aeronautical operations (including passenger, landing and ancillary fees) to earn returns in line with the cost of capital, whilst there are typically no restrictions placed on the returns that can be generated from non-aeronautical operations, such as retail, parking and commercial property.
Airports form a core part of Magellan’s definition of infrastructure and have, over time, delivered robust financial performance and generated healthy returns for investors. We believe that airports remain a global growth sector and offer an attractive balance of regulated and competitive earnings potential.
Source ICAO, Airbus, GMF 2018. RPK = Revenue Passenger Kilometer
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Source ICAO, Airbus, GMF 2018. RPK = Revenue Passenger Kilometer